Boat Journal British Columbia Research
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British Columbia Journal of Ecosystems and Management 13(3):1� Coxson, D.S., Bjork, C., Boat Journal British Columbia Research Boat Journal British Columbia Research and M.D. Bourassa. The influence of regional gradients in climate and air pollution on epiphytes in riparian forest galleries of the upper Fraser River watershed.� Heikkila, K. and G. Fondahl () Co-managed research: non-indigenous reflections on an indigenous toponomy project in northern British Columbia, Journal of Cultural Geography 29(1): Henderson, E., C. Nolin, and F. Peccerelli () Dignifying a bare life and making place through exhumation: Coban CREOMPAZ former military garrison, Guatemala. Epigenetics Online Boat Journal British Columbia Research Boat Journal British Columbia Research JournalsLymphoma journalsComputational Mathematics-open-access-journalspalliative medicine oncologyOpen Access Articles on Pigmentation DisordersDrug Safety group Journals Listinformation-technology-articlesImmunochemistry Antiviral Chemistry & ChemotherapypharmacokineticsNanosensorsPersistant organic Pollutants Scientific JournalsClinical case reports and case series researchcancer therapy image picturesAffinity Chromatography Impact factor. Journal of Oncology Translational Research. Boaters in British Columbia will also find coastlines, lakes, and rivers Boat Journal British Columbia Research that offer private, secluded coves for gunkholing. In addition to the ocean, lakes, and rivers that are available for boating, the weather along the coast is typically mild so that it is possible to boat year-round. The Georgia Basin, including the east coast of Vancouver Island and the coast of Boat Journal British Columbia Research Boat Journal British Columbia Research the Gulf Islands, receives less rain than other areas, making this area popular for boaters.� You may have heard that you need a Canada Boat Journal British Columbia Research boating license or British Columbia boating license to operate a boat. Unlike driving a car, you do not need a driver�s license or a boater�s license to operate a pleasure craft. What you really need is a Canada PCOC.
Refworks Account Login. Open Collections. UBC Theses and Dissertations. Featured Collection. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives.
It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written Boat Journal British Columbia Research permission. Department of Civil Engineering The University of British Columbia Main Mall Vancouver, Canada Date: Abstract The nature of British Columbia coastal and inland waterways Boat Journal British Columbia Research affords many locations where floating breakwaters are or could be used to protect small-craft harbours from wave action.
A field survey of many of the Boat Journal British Columbia Research current breakwater sites is undertaken in or-der to establish qualitative performance criteria of various designs. A two-dimensional numerical model is developed to predict the oscillatory response and wave transmission characteristics for a number of common breakwater designs. Finally, experiments with two configurations of breakwater models were carried out in the Hydraulics Laboratory at the University of British Columbia.
The experiments were designed to validate the numerical model and to estimate viscous damping coefficients required in the numerical solution. The author would like to express his appreciation to Dr. Michael de St. Isaacson for his advice and guidance during the preparation of this thesis. Thanks are also due to graduate students Carol Mihelcic for assistance in the labo-ratory, and to Mark Mattila for collaborating on the field work.
The support of family and friends is also appreciated, in particular Adele Inouye and Doug Rowland for their timely encouragement and cynicism Boat Journal British Columbia Research respectively. A special acknowledgement is made to Bill Wolferstan of the Ministry of the Envi-ronment and to Western Canada Hydraulics Laboratories for making their photographs, Boat Journal British Columbia Research Boat Journal British Columbia Research Columbia Research Journal British Boat time, and other information freely available. Finally, the financial support of a Research Assistantship from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada is gratefully acknowledged.
Such structures have found widespread application in inland and coastal waters in many parts of the world, and have met with varying degrees of success. The primary limitation to most floating breakwater designs is the fact that they lose their wave-attenuating characteristics as the length of the incident waves becomes large.
Since the longest and largest waves at a given site generally coincide with the most severe storms, the effectiveness of the breakwater Boat Journal British Columbia Research Boat Journal British Columbia Research can potentially be lost when it is needed the most. As a result, the application of floating breakwater systems is generally confined to relatively sheltered Boat Journal British Columbia Research fetch-limited bodies of water, where incident wavelengths have a fairly well-defined upper bound. Despite the limitations however, careful selection of design criteria can produce a breakwater which satisfies wave attenuation requirements and provides shore or harbour protection in instances where traditional breakwaters such as rubble-mound or other bottom-resting designs would be impractical to construct.
Whereas the cost of rubble-mound structures is proportional to their volume which increases as the square of the water depth , the cost of floating breakwaters is relatively independent of depth since only the length of the mooring lines must be altered. This makes a floating Boat Journal British Columbia Research 1 Chapter 1. Similarly, in areas where the seafloor is soft and cannot support the weight of large amounts of rock fill, a floating structure Boat Journal British Columbia Research might be sucessfully employed.
Other advantages of floating systems include the provision of better water quality through unimpeded circulation, reduction or elimination of sedimentation problems, Boat Journal British Columbia Research improved aesthetics from low-profile designs particularly in areas of large tidal ranges and the ease of relocating or removing the breakwater when it is no longer required. In addition, many designs can be fabricated at one location and towed to the required site, making their installation in remote or aggregate-poor areas easier than for rubble-mounds.
A typical rubble-mound breakwater is shown in Figure A. Compare the scale of this installation with that the floating structures at Lund Figures A. The nature of some floating breakwater designs makes them amenable to secondary uses. Concrete caissons in particular are often used Boat Journal British Columbia Research for additional boat moorage. Many installations include finger wharves on the leeward side of the caisson to maximize the use of the system. The fiat deck and low-profile make caissons useful for pedestrian walkways, fuel barges, and access platforms for aquaculture.
Although the designs of various floating breakwater systems vary Boat Journal British Columbia Research considerably, there are essentially only two mechanisms by which a floating body can attenuate wave energy: reflection and dissipation. Wave energy which is not reflected Boat Journal British Columbia Research or dissipated by the structure is transmitted to the leeward side as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. The caisson types rely on large mass Boat Journal British Columbia Research Boat Journal British Columbia Research to provide a relatively immovable surface from which incident waves are reflected. The vertical wall of the A-frame centreboard type also reflects wave energy, but Boat Research Columbia British Journal relies on the pontoons and support frame to provide lateral and rotational stability. Dissipative Chapter 1. Although most systems are designed to work primarily either Boat Journal British Columbia Research by reflection or dissipation, in practice most designs use a combination of the two. None of the current designs are completely effective at attenuating any Boat Journal British Columbia Research Boat Journal British Columbia Research Boat Journal British Columbia Research but the highest frequency waves.
Although most of the energy in a deep-water wave is con-centrated near the surface, some of it is contained in Boat Journal British Columbia Research the water at depth. Breakwaters of practical dimensions can therefore intercept only the surface portion of this energy, transmitting the remainder. In addition, the motions of the breakwater itself generates waves which propagate outward, contributing to the transmitted wave heights.
Under resonant conditions the breakwater is less effective at attenuating waves, and the large motions can be damaging to the structure, its connections, or the mooring system. For these reasons the resonant condition should Boat Journal British Columbia Research if possible be avoided in breakwater design. This implies that a knowledge not only of the expected design wave conditions is required, but also an understanding of the response of the floating body under that sea state.
Current design procedures are often based on experience with existing designs. The large Boat Journal British Columbia Research number of variables involved and the variety of existing breakwaters has made it difficult for empirical relationships to be derived. For most large scale applications, it has therefore been necessary to resort to site-specific physical model tests before a particular breakwater design is adopted.
Only recently have there been attempts British Research Boat Columbia Journal to develop numerical design methods, and even these are used in conjunction with physical model studies. The eventual goal is to develop a numerical method Boat Journal British Columbia Research Boat Journal British Columbia Research British Journal Columbia Boat Research sufficiently accurate over a wide range of configurations and conditions such that routine physical model studies become unneccessary.
Chapter 1. Figures 1. As is readily Boat Journal British Columbia Research apparent from the scattergrams, both the wave heights and periods are considerably higher on the exposed coast. The Strait of Georgia, as well as many of the fjords and inlets on the coast and Puget Sound to the south, are therefore considered "protected" bodies of water with fetch-limited wave Journal Columbia British Research Boat Journal Columbia Research Boat British heights and periods. Because of the fjordal nature of many B.
In addition, British Columbia is subject to large tidal fluctuations, exceeding five metres in Boat Journal British Columbia Research some areas. The combination of all these factors provides many sites where the floating breakwaters are or could be used to advantage. Currently in British Boat Journal British Columbia Boat Excursions Puerto Vallarta Journal Research Columbia there exist more than 30 harbours and marinas which use "significant" floating breakwater systems. The locations of many of these sites are shown in Boat Journal British Columbia Research Figure 1. A number of other places use small-scale systems such as log booms to provide nominal wave protection.
Most of the sites are found Boat Journal British Columbia Research on coastal waters in the lower mainland area, however some are located as far north as the Queen Charlotte Islands Chapter 1.
E3' o 0 OCT SE 19 Maple Bay Caisson 4. With the expected increase in recreational boat traffic expected in B. Many such sites will require wave protection and would benefit from well-designed floating breakwater systems. In addition, the recent growth of the aquaculture industry in the province has exhausted most of the natural sites having the necessary water quality and shelter characteristics. Some existing aquaculture sites have experienced negative reactions from area residents who find the Boat Journal British Columbia Research farms unaesthetic and who are concerned with water quality problems from fish fecal matter.
Expanding aquaculture sites into more exposed locations using floating breakwaters for Boat Journal British Columbia Research wave protection could serve the dual purpose of providing improved water circulation and avoiding some of the conflicting land use problems currently being experienced.
In an attempt to improve design process of floating breakwaters, a numerical model is developed to predict the wave transmission characteristics and response for a variety Boat Journal British Columbia Research Columbia British Research Journal Boat of breakwater shapes. In particular, the model is currently configured for breakwaters having rectangular and semi-circular cross-sections, as well as for an "A-frame" cross section consisting of a vertical plate or centreboard and two "outrigger" pontoons.
Con-sideration is given to the mooring forces since past experience has shown that moorings Boat Journal British Columbia Research Boat Journal British Columbia Research and inter-module connections are the most likely to cause operational problems. Experiments designed to measure transmission characteristics and structure mo-tions for rectangular and A-frame type breakwaters were carried out in the Hydraulics Laboratory at the University of British Columbia. The results were used to estimate viscous damping coefficients and to Boat Journal British Columbia 00 Boat Journal British Columbia Research Boat Journal British Columbia Research validate the numerical model.
Western Canada Hydraulics Laboratory WCHL [48] compiled an extensive bibliography with entries, covering topics ranging from an-alytical formulations to in-situ experiences Boat Journal British Columbia Research with particular breakwater designs. The large variety both of specific breakwater designs and of the various areas of interest have contributed to this wealth Boat Journal British Columbia Research British Columbia Journal Boat Research of information. Most of these papers are not cited here; for more information the reader is referred to WCHL [48] or to Hales [18].
The Boat Journal British Columbia Research number of different designs that have been conceived or tested in the laboratory is almost as large and diverse as the number of papers on Boat Journal British Columbia Research the subject, but a few of the more effective designs are discussed by Silvester [43], McCartney [29] discusses several additional designs as well as various Boat Journal British Columbia Research Boat Journal British Columbia Research Boat Journal British Columbia Research Boat Journal British Columbia Research Boat Journal British Columbia Research Boat Journal British Columbia Research mooring systems and anchorage methods. Many of the analytic techniques employed today originate from the disciplines of marine architecture and ship hydrodynamics.
Several authors for example Ursell [44], Porter [39], Frank [14], Kim [24], Vugts [46], Ijima [21], Bai [3] have treated the case of two-dimensional wave interaction with cylinders on the free surface. Most of these papers develop expressions to solve for the velocity potential of the flow field in the vicinity of the Boat Journal British Columbia Research Boat Journal British Columbia Research breakwater, and to calculate the hydrodynamic coefficients neccesary to determine the fluid forces on and motions of the body.
Leonard et al [27] extended this approach for multiple cylinders. Field studies using full-scale prototype breakwaters are comparatively uncommon, largely due to the difficulty and expense of field instrumentation. A number Boat Journal British Columbia Research of authors Chapter 1. The latter included a formulation for the rigid body motions of a caisson-type breakwater undergoing motions in five degrees of freedom. Comparison of these field data with numerical models indictates that the response of breakwaters can be modelled quite well with frequency-domain methods, provided that British Journal Boat Columbia Research the wave frequencies modelled are not near the roll resonance frequency.
For the latter case, the presence of additional damping effects in the real breakwaters Boat Journal British Columbia Research Boat Journal British Columbia Research provides for a response much lower than would would be indicated by the inclusion of radiation damping alone. Experience has shown that by arbitrarily doubling Boat Journal British Columbia Research Boat Journal British Columbia Research the calculated hydrodynamic damping, better agreement is produced [2], although Miller et al.
Papers have also been presented in related areas, such as wave drift forces on floating bodies, and on static and dynamic analysis of mooring line systems. See for example work done by Dean [10], Berteaux [5], and Boat Journal British Columbia Research Irvine [22].
Several authors have developed numerical models in an attempt to provide a con-venient method for preliminary design calculations. A completely rigorous treatment of Boat Journal British Columbia Research the problem is difficult due to the complexity of the mathematics describing the flow field and the dynamics of a floating body in three dimensions.Boat Journal British Columbia Research Boat Journal British Columbia Research
Strictly speak-ing, a complete model would include the effects of non-linear waves, viscous damping effects, random or spectral sea-state, directional waves, the effect of mooring lines, structure deformations, and the motions of a floating body with six or more degrees of freedom. Routine calculations of this sort in the Boat Journal British Columbia Research preliminary design phases would be time-consuming and expensive, requiring the computing power of large main-frame computers1.
Fortunately, many simplifying assumptions can generally be made without 1 although recent advances in microprocessor technology are rapidly making such large-scale comput-ing feasible even on desk-top microcomputers. For example, small-amplitude linear wave theory is Boat Journal British Columbia Research often used to make the diffraction calculations more manageable.
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